My aim for this experiment is to find out how concentration affects the rate of reaction, when marble chips reacts with hydrochloric acid. :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

My aim for this experiment is to look out how concentration affects the rate of reaction, when marble chips reacts with hydrochloric red-hot.Mansoor Khan An probe to see how concentration affects the 1rate of reaction.IntroductionMy aim for this experiment is to find out how concentration affectsthe rate of reaction, when marble chips reacts with hydrochloric dosage.I am red ink to use calcium carbonate (marble chips) to react withhydrochloric acid that will produce carbon dioxide gas. The equationfor this reaction isWord equationCalcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Calcium Chloride + CarbonDioxide + WaterSymbol equationCaCO 2HCl CaCl CO H OFor my experiment, I will be experimenting on different concentrationsof acid on marble chips. The other variables that I could have chosenfor this particular experiment beTemperature- I thought about choosing this variable but was put glum bythe difficulty of control the temperature.Surface argona- I have not choose this because I did no t like the factthat there were only trinity different sizes of marble chips, when Ineeded five results, and also it requires quite a long preliminaryexperiment to find the right concentration of acid. prophecyI predict that if a high concentration of acid is used, the reactionwill be faster and thus resulting in more carbon dioxide macrocosmproduced as gas. The weaker the concentration of acid, the slower thereaction and the less amount of carbon dioxide gas that will beproduced.The collision theory states that if particles in a stem haveenough energy to break free from their existing bonds to form newbonds they will, the amount of energy needed to form new bonds iscalled the activating energy. So if you increase the amount ofparticles in a effect they will be more collisions.The collision theory also says that if the particles ar constantlymoving and colliding with distributively other, when one particle collides withanother, energy is transferred between these particles an d so energyis constantly gained or lost. The number of collisions with enoughenergy greater or equal to the activation energy, determines the rateof reaction.I predict that the 2 molar of hydrochloric acid when reacting withmarble chips will produce the most carbon dioxide and in the leastamount of time, because they are more reactants in the solution andmore particles that will collide with the reacting particles. Alsobecause this is the most concentrated solution that I am experimentingon there are more reacting particles of colliding about in thesolution this means that the will be more collisions between thereacting particles which is likely to cause a reaction, these reactingMy aim for this experiment is to find out how concentration affects the rate of reaction, when marble chips reacts with hydrochloric acid. GCSE Chemistry Coursework InvestigationMy aim for this experiment is to find out how concentration affects the rate of reaction, when marble chips reacts with hydroch loric acid.Mansoor Khan An investigation to see how concentration affects the 1rate of reaction.IntroductionMy aim for this experiment is to find out how concentration affectsthe rate of reaction, when marble chips reacts with hydrochloric acid.I am button to use calcium carbonate (marble chips) to react withhydrochloric acid that will produce carbon dioxide gas. The equationfor this reaction isWord equationCalcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Calcium Chloride + CarbonDioxide + WaterSymbol equationCaCO 2HCl CaCl CO H OFor my experiment, I will be experimenting on different concentrationsof acid on marble chips. The other variables that I could have chosenfor this particular experiment areTemperature- I thought about choosing this variable but was put withdraw bythe difficulty of control the temperature.Surface area- I have not choose this because I did not like the factthat there were only ternary different sizes of marble chips, when Ineeded five results, and also it requires q uite a long preliminaryexperiment to find the right concentration of acid. divinationI predict that if a high concentration of acid is used, the reactionwill be faster and thus resulting in more carbon dioxide beproduced as gas. The weaker the concentration of acid, the slower thereaction and the less amount of carbon dioxide gas that will beproduced.The collision theory states that if particles in a solution haveenough energy to break free from their existing bonds to form newbonds they will, the amount of energy needed to form new bonds iscalled the activation energy. So if you increase the amount ofparticles in a solution they will be more collisions.The collision theory also says that if the particles are constantlymoving and colliding with all(prenominal) other, when one particle collides withanother, energy is transferred between these particles and so energyis constantly gained or lost. The number of collisions with enoughenergy greater or equal to the activation energy, de termines the rateof reaction.I predict that the 2 molar of hydrochloric acid when reacting withmarble chips will produce the most carbon dioxide and in the leastamount of time, because they are more reactants in the solution andmore particles that will collide with the reacting particles. Alsobecause this is the most concentrated solution that I am experimentingon there are more reacting particles of colliding about in thesolution this means that the will be more collisions between thereacting particles which is likely to cause a reaction, these reacting

The Relationship Between Ishtar and Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The Relationship Between Ishtar and Gilgamesh in the Epic of GilgameshThe story of Gilgamesh seems to be a collection of trials and tribulation. Throughout the book, you watch characters battle demons with each other, as well as within themselves. The tantalizing temptations that fill each character, ultimately leads to goal and death. One example was the relationship between Ishtar and Gilgamesh. Both characters display a type of arrogant, ego-consciousness (Neumann 63) that inevitably leads to subversive fate.In the beginning of the story we see Gilgamesh as a womanizer. His submissive behavior is driven by his receive self-sufficiency. When Enkidu forces him to see the reality of his own vanity, Gilgamesh withdraws from his obsession and embarks on a new quest with Enkidu hotshot that will fill his other ego, his masculinity.After the slayig of the ferocious giant, Humbaba, Ishtar is modify with a lustful desire to betrothe him. When she approaches Gilgamesh, his new sense of self-worth derails him from Ishtars seductive wiles. (Neumann 63)He replies hastily, insulting her of her past. Your lovers have found you resembling a brazier which smoulders in the cold,...a castle which crushes the garrison,...a stone which falls from the parapet,...a sandal that trips the wearer.( pg.30) It is ironic that Gilgamesh finds her past to be so depictable after he spent years of womanizing for his own pleasure. Does he think that he is better than her because he has abandoned his old ways? He really hasnt changed at all. He is still filled with his ego-consciousness, dependable in a different form. As he goes on ridiculing Ishtar, his self-ego grows even more and once again will be punished for his actions. After this, Ishtar is filled with so much anger, revenge is all she can think of. Her ego has been crushed and she must reclaim it. So she sends down the Bull of Heaven which kills Enkidu and leaves scarring not only on the people but the Gods as well.

Critical Review of the Andromeda Strain Essay -- Novels War Violence E

Critical Review of the Andromeda Strain Imagine go into a town that normally populates 48 vivacious residents, and discovering 46 non-moving non-living bodies. There are no guns, no bombs, and no visible pre-manufactured weapons of any sort. A fewer minutes later death strikes, observations can no longer be made, and a black curtain falls.This is what happened to two Army recovery personnel in the town of Piedmont, Arizona (population 48). They set off to retrieve SCOOP VII, a military satellite sent to bring game alien microorganisms. The satellite did its job, it brought back a microorganism something its six predecessors were not able to do. The microorganism SCOOP VII brought back was lethal, killing almost everybody in its path, except an old anaemic man and a crying infant. Four specialized scientists Jeremy Stone, Charles Burton, Mark Hall, and Peter Leavitt are plucked from their everyday lives and placed in the secret building of draw Wildfire, loc ated in Nevada. The five-floored facility was built entirely underground, with each floor more sterile than the one above. Here the four scientists work with the microorganism, now enter named Andromeda strain. They try to discover how the agent kills, what it is composed of, where it came from, and why those two civilians survived. The scientists conclude their work on the fifth floor, when disaster strikes. A seal is humbled which sets off an automatic nuclear explosio...

Performance Management System Essay -- Business Management

Organizations derive competitive advantage by outperforming rivals in the execution of activities necessitate to ensure optimum operational effectiveness in providing products and services to customers (Porter, 1996). Operational effectiveness depends largely on the extent to which the organizations performance circumspection system (PM) is capable of developing the knowledge, skills, and abilities of its people (Allan, 1994). Thus, knowledge of developing and implementing an effective PM system plays an essential role in achieving competitive advantage. Using the tabularize provided in Case Study 1-1 (Aguinis, 2009, pp. 24-25), this paper analyzes the content and efficacy of the PM system being used by Aeternus Life Insurance Corporation (renamed to admit with confidentiality agreements) to develop its people. An effective analysis of a PM system begins by comparing the characteristics of the actual system with those of an ideal system, then assessing the capability of the syste m for identifying, measuring, developing, and align performance with organisational goals (Aguinis, 2009).The Value of an Effective PM SystemIn general, an effective PM system make fors to the achievement of organizational strategy, administration of employee transactions, communication of organizational performance expectations, human resource planning, and employee development (Aguinis, 2009). In addition to elements corresponding to the conduct of performance appraisals, the ideal PM system addresses several key characteristics that contribute to the alignment of performance with strategic objectives. Overall, an effective PM system represents a . . . systematic, data-oriented approach to managing people at work that relies on positive reinforcement a... ...rmance focussing (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentiss HallAllan, P. (1994). Designing and implementing an effective performance appraisal system. Review Of Business, 16(2), 3.Daniels, A. (1989). Performance managemen t Improving quality and productivity by positive reinforcement. Tucker, GA Performance Management Publications.Hopkins, S., & Weathington, B. (2006). The relationships between justice perceptions, trust, and employee attitudes in a downsized organization. Journal of Psychology, 140(5), 477-498.Porter, M. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http//hbr.harvardbusiness.org/1996/11/what-is-strategy/ar/1Scott, S. G., & Einstein, W. O. (2001). strategic performance appraisal in team-based organizations One size does not fit all. Academy Of Management Executive, 15(2), 107-116. doi10.5465/AME.2001.4614990

Baseball and Females :: Sports Expository Essays

baseball and FemalesThe legendary game of baseball game, the roar of the crowd, the crack of the bat, the hot dogs and peanuts, and almost of all the excitement. Americas pastime has had a long history filled with great moments, heroic cultivateers, and breakthroughs in our modern society. It all started in 1869 when the premier(prenominal) original baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings took the field. They were all male and would eventually be known as the first boys of summer. The first professional girls team was created six years later which in turn grew into more(prenominal) womens teams, but was overshadowed by the growing mens leagues and they eventually dwindled and faded away. The women knew they could play and compete at a level as laid-back or higher than their counterparts and throughout the 20th century proved this by developing prospered womens leagues and teams. These were strong determined women who believed in themselves and proved to the world that the y were the girls of summer. In 1870s women could not vote or own property, but they could play baseball. In 1875 the first professional girls baseball team was created. They wore uniforms that weighed almost thirty pounds, consisting of floor aloofness skirts, underskirts, a long-sleeved high-necked blouse, and high button shoes. In the 1890s Amelia bumbler developed a more practical uniform and in her honor the boner Girls teams were created. The Bloomer Girls teams rarely played each other, but traveled across America challenging topical anesthetic town, semi-pro, and minor league mens teams. The Bloomer Girls won on frequent occasions, playing competitive ball. These teams gave women an excellent opportunity for employment, travel and adventure for anyone who could hit, field, slide, or catch. The Bloomer girls would eventually dwindle and disappear in 1934, and be replaced by professional playground ball teams. It was a less competitive game with shorter base paths, a large ball, no stealing, and underhand pitching.In 1943 a man by the name of Phillip Wrigley received word from President Roosevelt that the Major League Baseball season would be suspended due to the manpower shortage caused by human race War II. Phillip Wrigley wanted to keep baseball going through the wartime, and joined forces with several nonaged town entrepreneurs and created the first official baseball league for women called the exclusively American Girls Baseball League (AAGBL). Thirty scouts were hired to start looking for the best softball players all over the United States.Baseball and Females Sports Expository EssaysBaseball and FemalesThe legendary game of baseball, the roar of the crowd, the crack of the bat, the hot dogs and peanuts, and most of all the excitement. Americas pastime has had a long history filled with great moments, heroic players, and breakthroughs in our modern society. It all started in 1869 when the first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings took the field. They were all male and would eventually be known as the first boys of summer. The first professional girls team was created six years later which in turn grew into more womens teams, but was overshadowed by the growing mens leagues and they eventually dwindled and faded away. The women knew they could play and compete at a level as high or higher than their counterparts and throughout the 20th century proved this by developing successful womens leagues and teams. These were strong determined women who believed in themselves and proved to the world that they were the girls of summer. In 1870s women could not vote or own property, but they could play baseball. In 1875 the first professional girls baseball team was created. They wore uniforms that weighed almost thirty pounds, consisting of floor length skirts, underskirts, a long-sleeved high-necked blouse, and high button shoes. In the 1890s Amelia Bloomer developed a more practical uniform and in her ho nor the Bloomer Girls teams were created. The Bloomer Girls teams rarely played each other, but traveled across America challenging local town, semi-pro, and minor league mens teams. The Bloomer Girls won on frequent occasions, playing competitive ball. These teams gave women an excellent opportunity for employment, travel and adventure for anyone who could hit, field, slide, or catch. The Bloomer girls would eventually dwindle and disappear in 1934, and be replaced by professional softball teams. It was a less competitive game with shorter base paths, a bigger ball, no stealing, and underhand pitching.In 1943 a man by the name of Phillip Wrigley received word from President Roosevelt that the Major League Baseball season would be suspended due to the manpower shortage caused by World War II. Phillip Wrigley wanted to keep baseball going through the wartime, and joined forces with several small town entrepreneurs and created the first official baseball league for women called the Al l American Girls Baseball League (AAGBL). Thirty scouts were hired to start looking for the best softball players all over the United States.

The Greening of the Computer Industry :: Computers Technology Cyberspace

The Greening of the Computer IndustryThrough the 1990s, I, like many young women interested in technologies and new media theory, read a lot of cyberfeminist manifestas. I digested their optimistic visions describing a world in which computer technology served as the bridge across the sexual practice divide the ride into cyberspace would be the ticket out of our gender-defined boxes. Our feminist foremothers certainly made the boxes roomier for us, but those old patriarchal forces still too much held the keys to them. Computers, and particularly the internet, were going to blast the tops off.I could see the dream being usurped as those same old power structures began to crowd cyberspace in the same ways that they dominate physical space. As long as the internet remained a free frontier, however, I figured that at least it provided more(prenominal) options for women. Therefore, no matter how many angry girlfriends I precept fighting with their boys over their addictions to reducti ve images of women trapped compliantly behind glass, no matter how many on-line(a) corporate ads I saw trying to socialize us into neat and tidy target market groups with one set of superficial male-defined desires and needsI still believed that computers had potential, overall, to serve as a further liberating force for women.My eyes were opened to a wider reality, however, at the Whitney Museum of Contemporary Art. Over the summer of 2003, the Whitney hosted a evince called American Effect. In this exhibition, artists from around the world expressed their opinions about the United States. I was particularly unsettled by the work of Chinese artist Danwen Xing. To this turn out she contributed a series of large photographs documenting electronic waste exported from the United States to Southern China. The towns were, in fact, nothing but landfills of e-waste. I was appalled at what I saw the result of 225 tons of e-waste being exported from the U.S. each week.As a digital artist who is concerned about the environment, I started looking into the issue more deeply. I found that both the production of silicon chips for computers AND the casual and irresponsible e-waste disposal methods of America are serious international public health issues. These hazards primarily be active women and children because they comprise the majority of chip producers and waste pickers. The problem is growing rapidly in the Third World because of the liberalization of international trade treaties that benefit transnational capitalism.

The Greening of the Computer Industry :: Computers Technology Cyberspace

The Greening of the Computer IndustryThrough the 1990s, I, like galore(postnominal) young women elicit in technologies and new media theory, read a lot of cyberfeminist manifestas. I digested their optimistic visions describing a world in which computer technology served as the bridge crossways the gender divide the ride into meshwork would be the ticket out of our gender-defined boxes. Our feminist foremothers certainly made the boxes roomier for us, but those old patriarchal forces still excessively often held the keys to them. Computers, and particularly the internet, were going to blast the tops off.I could see the dream being usurped as those same old power structures began to crowd cyberspace in the same ways that they dominate physical space. As long as the internet remained a free frontier, however, I figured that at least(prenominal) it provided more(prenominal) options for women. Therefore, no matter how many angry girlfriends I saw fighting with their boys over thei r addictions to reductive images of women trapped compliantly behind glass, no matter how many on-line corporate ads I saw trying to socialize us into neat and tidy target market groups with one set of superficial male-defined desires and inescapablyI still believed that computers had potential, overall, to serve as a further liberating force for women.My eyes were opened to a wider reality, however, at the Whitney Museum of Contemporary Art. Over the summer of 2003, the Whitney hosted a show called American Effect. In this exhibition, workmans from around the world expressed their opinions about the United States. I was particularly unsettled by the work of Chinese artist Danwen Xing. To this show she contributed a series of large photographs documenting electronic waste exported from the United States to Southern China. The towns were, in fact, nothing but landfills of e-waste. I was appalled at what I saw the result of 225 tons of e-waste being exported from the U.S. each week. As a digital artist who is concerned about the environment, I started looking into the issue more deeply. I found that both the production of silicon chips for computers AND the casual and irresponsible e-waste disposal methods of America are serious international public health issues. These hazards in general affect women and children because they comprise the majority of chip producers and waste pickers. The problem is growing rapidly in the Third World because of the liberalization of international trade treaties that usefulness transnational capitalism.

Psychological Testing Essay

This paper is all about the uses and varieties of character and projective tests. It requires to determine which tool is more reliable and valid to use in measuring and predicting the expression of an individual. Furthermore, this paper discusses the uniformity of two different texts used containing the same stance that personality tests exceed the projective terms in terms of whatsis to use, reliability, and validity. Personality and Projective Tests IntroductionPersonality and projective tests are psychological tests used to measure and tax the behavior of individuals in the school, community, and even workplace setting. The tests function to determine the difference of personalities among different individuals (examinees) taking the same test. Upon taking the test, interpretation of examinees scores would depend on their respective test results. However, in this paper, researchers of different psychological tests suggest that personality tests are more reliable and valid comp ared to projective tests.Personality and Projective Tests Albert Hood & Richard Johnson (2008), a member of the American charge Association, collaborated to come up with assessment in Counseling (2008), a book which discusses the different types of personality and projective tests. In the text, samples of personality tests include the following the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory/MMPI2, Jacksons Personality investigate Form (PRF), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), California Psychological Inventory (CPI), and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R).Further, CPI scale where 16 PF is adapted is recommended to be used for coupling and career counseling, job performance appraisals, and evaluation of management skills in the workplace. On the other hand, the different projective tests include the following the Rorschach Ink Blot Test, thematic Apperception Test (TAT), House-Tree-Person (HTP), Roter Incomplete Sentences Blank, and Early Recollection. However, th e Rorschach Inkblot Test was found to be the most commonly used projective technique to make inference of an individuals behavior.In addition, Anne Anastasi (Dept. of Psychology in Fodrham University) and Susana Urbina (Dept. of Psychology in University of Florida) (2002), in their book Psychological Testing, suggest that personality tests are far better to use than projective tests since the latter(prenominal) is more complicated to execute and is more prone to erroneous interpretation regardless of the examiners years of experience in handling the test. cathode-ray oscilloscope of the Literature Problem and Significance of the ProblemThe significance of the problem is to answer the question Which is a better tool to predict the behavior of an individual, is it the personality or the projective tests? Research problem(s) Explored in the Study The two articles reviewed focus on the problem whether personality tests, observation, and inventories are more reliable, predictive tool i n measuring the behavior of an individual rather than the projective tests. Hypothesis in the study Hypothesis of this study suggests that using personality inventories or psychological tests are better than using projective tests to appraise a persons behavior.Research Design and Methodology Research design to be used is descriptive correlational. The approach or tool to be used is the Pearson (r) correlation to determine the relationship between the two variables. Conclusion Psychological tests are tools to measure and predict the behavior of an individual. Depending on its purpose, personality tests and projective tests aim to assess personalities in different settings such as school, workplace, and community.In school, the tests serve the college students need to be counseled for the career that suits their personality at work, the tests are used to evaluate which candidate is more fit for the job and in the community, the tests determine who are mentally healthy and who are no t for providing welfare. References Anastasi, A. & Urbina S. (2002). Psychological Testing. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. Hood, A. B. & Johnson R. (2008). Assessment in Counseling A Guide to Psychological Assessment Procedures. Stevenson Avenue, Alexandria American Counseling Association.

The Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris Signed by the coupled States and Spain, December 10, 1898The United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, in the name of her august son Don Alfonso XIII, desiring to end the state of state of war now existing amidst the two countries, pay for that purpose appointed as plenipotentiaries The prexy of the United States, William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William P.Frye, George Gray, and Whitelaw Reid, citizens of the United States And Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, Don Eugenio Montero Rios, president of the senate, Don Buenaventura de Abarzuza, senator of the farming and ex-minister of the Crown Don Jose de Garnica, deputy of the Cortes and associate justice of the supreme court of justice Don Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels, and Don Rafael Cerero, general of plane section Who, having assembled in Paris, and having flip-flopd their full powers, which were found to be i n due and proper form, have, after discussion of the matters before them, agreed up on the pursual articles member I. Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. And as the island is, upon its evacuation by Spain, to be occupied by the United States, the United States go forth, so long as such occupation shall last, assume and discharge the obligations that may under international law result from the fact of its occupation, for the protection of life and property. expression II. Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones. Article III.Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth repeat of unification latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of Bachi, from the one snow and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, then along the one hundred and twenty seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the parallel of four degrees and forty five transactions (4 degree symbol 45) north latitude, thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty five proceedings (4 degree symbol 45) north latitude to its hybridisation with the meridian of longitude one hundred and cardinal degrees and thirty five minutes (119 degree symbol 35) east of Greenwich, thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred nd nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119 degree symbol 35) east of Greenwich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7 degree symbol 40) north, thence along the parallel of latitude of seven degrees and forty minutes (7 degree symbol 40) north to its intersection with the one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree m eridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning. The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty. Article IV. The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine Islands on the equal terms as ships and merchandise of the United States.Article VThe United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the A merican forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to them. Spain will, upon the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, proceed to evacuate the Philippines, as vigorous as the island of Guam, on terms similar to those agreed upon by the Commissioners appointed to arrange for the evacuation of Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, under the protocol of August 12, 1898, which is to continue in force till its provisions atomic number 18 completely executed. The time within which the evacuation of the Philippine Islands and Guam shall be completed shall be fixed by the two Governments.Stands of colors, uncaptured war vessels, small arms, guns of all calibres, with their carriages and accessories, powder, ammunition, livestock, and heartys and supplies of all kinds, working to the land and naval forces of Spain in the Philippines and Guam, remain the property of Spain. Pieces of heavy ordnance, max of field artillery, in the fortificatio ns and coast defences, shall remain in their em built in bedments for the term of six months, to be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications of the treaty and the United States may, in the meantime, purchase such material from Spain, if a satisfactory agreement between the two Governments on the subject shall be reached.Article VISpain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all persons detained or confine for political offences, in connection with the tumults in Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the United States. Reciprocally, the United States will release all persons made prisoners of war by the American forces, and will undertake to obtain the release of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of the insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines. The Government of the United States will at its own cost give to Spain and the Government of Spain will at its own cost return to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, acc ording to the situation of their venerateive homes, prisoners released or caused to be released by them, respectively, under this article. Article VII.The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either Government, or of its citizens or subjects, against the other Government, that may have arisen since the beginning of the late insurrection in Cuba and prior to the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for indemnity for the cost of the war. The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its citizens against Spain relinquished in this article. Article VIII. In conformity with the provisions of Articles I, II, and III of this treaty, Spain relinquishes in Cuba, and cedes in Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, in the island of Guam, and in the Philippine Archipelago, all the buildings, wharves, barracks, forts, structures, public highways and other immovable property which, in conformity with law, belong to the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain.And it is hereby declared that the relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, to which the preceding paragraph refers, can not in any respect impair the property or fulls which by law belong to the peaceful possession of property of all kinds, of provinces, municipalities, public or hole-and-corner(a) establishments, ecclesiastical or civic bodies, or any other associations having legal subject to acquire and possess property in the aforesaid territories renounced or ceded, or of private individuals, of whatsoever nationality such individuals may be. The aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, includes all documents exclusively referring to the sovereignty relinquished or ceded that may exist in the archives of the Peninsula. Where any document in such archives only in part relates to said sovereignty, a copy of such part will be furnished whenever i t shall be requested. Like rules shall be reciprocally observed in favor of Spain in respect of documents in the archives of the islands above referred to.In the aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, are also included such rights as the Crown of Spain and its authorities possess in respect of the official archives and records, executive as head as judicial, in the islands above referred to, which relate to said islands or the rights and property of their inhabitants. Such archives and records shall be carefully preserved, and private persons shall without distinction have the right to require, in accordance with law, authenticated copies of the contracts, wills and other instruments forming part of notorial protocols or files, or which may be contained in the executive or judicial archives, be the latter(prenominal) in Spain or in the islands aforesaid. Article IX.Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory over which Spain by the presen t treaty relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty, may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom, retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such property or of its proceeds and they shall also have the right to carry on their industry, commerce and professions, being subject in respect thereof to such laws as are applicable to other foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they may preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making, before a court of record, within a year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, a declaration of their decision to preserve such allegiance in default of which declaration they shall be held to have renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of the territory in which they may reside.The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be determined by the Congress. Article X. The inh abitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion. Article XI. The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain by this treaty cedes or relinquishes her sovereignty shall be subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same and they shall have the right to appear before such courts, and to ursue the same course as citizens of the country to which the courts belong. Article XII. Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty in the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be determined according to the following rules 1. Judgments rendered either in civil suits between private individuals, or in criminal matters, before the date mentioned, and with respect to which there is no recourse or right of revi ew under the Spanish law, shall be deemed to be final, and shall be executed in due form by competent authority in the territory within which such judgments should be carried out. 2.Civil suits between private individuals which may on the date mentioned be undetermined shall be prosecuted to judgment before the court in which they may then be pending or in the court that may be substituted therefor. 3. Criminal actions pending on the date mentioned before the Supreme Court of Spain against citizens of the territory which by this treaty ceases to be Spanish shall continue under its jurisdiction until final judgment but, such judgment having been rendered, the execution thereof shall be committed to the competent authority of the place in which the case arose. Article XIII. The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by Spaniards in the Island of Cuba and in Porto Rico, the Philippines and other ceded territories, at the time of the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, shall continue to be respected.Spanish scientific, literary and artistic works, not subversive of public order in the territories in question, shall continue to be admitted free of duty into such territories, for the period of ten years, to be reckoned from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty. Article XIV. Spain will have the power to establish consular officers in the ports and places of the territories, the sovereignty over which has been either relinquished or ceded by the present treaty. Article XV. The Government of each country will, for the term of ten years, accord to the merchant vessels of the other country the same treatment in respect of all port charges, including entrance and clearance dues, light dues, and tonnage duties, as it accords to its own merchant vessels, not engaged in the coastwise trade. Article XVI.It is still that any obligations assumed in this treaty by the United States with respect to Cuba are limited to the time of its occupancy thereof but it will upon terminal of such occupancy, advise any Government established in the island to assume the same obligations. Article XVII. The present treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible. In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this treaty and have hereunto affixed our seals.Done in duplicate at Paris, the tenth day of December, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight. Seal William R. DaySeal Cushman K. DavisSeal William P. FryeSeal Geo. GraySeal Whitelaw ReidSeal Eugenio Montero RiosSeal B. de AbarzuzaSeal J. de GarnicaSeal W. R. de Villa UrrutiaSeal Rafael CereroDocument courtesy of The Avalon Project Source A Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain, U. S. Congress, fifty-fifth Cong. , 3d sess. , Senate Doc. No. 62, Part 1 (Washington Government Printing Office, 1899), 5-11. Source Firstworldwar. com. First World War. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/primary/treatyofparis. html

Education System in Desperate need of Change Essay

Sir William Haley once said, Education would be so much more effective if its purpose were to ensure that by the clip they leave school every boy and girl should get along how much they dont know, and be imbued with a lifelong desire to know it. If students were guaranteed to leave school with knowing of what they dont know and the desire to continue learning, the method of learning willing be correct. Todays upbringing system does non give students the chance to enjoy what they are learning.The banking method, where students are empty vessels which educators must deposit knowledge into, deprives them of creativity and the desire to learn. No child is given the chance to shine and be unique. Students today are simply being placed on a conveyer belt, sorted, and then labeled harmonize to their so called intelligence. We need an education system that provides a slower learning method, a method where you focus on what is being learned instead of zipping done it, and the freedom to make up erroneousnesss as this will electrify and stimulate students to fulfill their potential.We must recognize students as individuals and keep in mind their diverse backgrounds. In Lives on the Boundary, Rose states, The giton has intended to push to the margins much of the literature of our nation from American Indian songs and chants to immigrant fiction to working-class narratives (100). The messages that are received from the text edition are crucial. The students need to be able to relate to what they have before them. One of the problems with todays education system is we are given square to read, memorize, and expected to repeat it back at the snap of a finger.But with protrude the ability to relate and connect with the material, the learning doesnt take place. Everything that is read or being said is just going through one ear and erupt the other. By adding relatable texts, you add life to learning. In Learning in the cite of Life, Jon Spayde states, people can not learn what they do not love (69). When students are reading or learning about a subject they love, they are inspired and motivate to learn more. This alone can benefit the learning process for students. It becomes much easier to grasp concepts learned in class.Todays education system does not allow all students to thrive in their own way. It is fast paced with limited space for creativeness. We are given large amounts of information at a succession and attempt to move as quickly as possible through all that we can. There is never time to stay longer on a topic. The instructors try their hardest to keep the pace, but this way of teaching does not benefit any student. In Learning in the Key of Life, Jon Spayde states, we are center far too much of our energy and resources on fast knowledge, ignoring all the richness and meaning slow knowledge adds to our lives (68).When the focus is on just get through the material, we are skipping over the value and richness of slow knowledge. instead of zipping through a lesson because it needs to be done by a true day to move onto the next, the focus needs to be on what is being learned than making a time requirement. Spayde also states, You can figure out what you can do pretty quickly, but the ethical understanding of what you ought to do comes slowly. We need to adopt the slow learning method, without it we are missing out on more than we think.There is so much more to learning than getting through the material, the purpose of it is to benefit and gain from it. With slow knowledge we will achieve this. One of the most important changes that needs to be done is the view on mistakes. In the article, How to Make Mistakes, Dennett states, Mistakes are not just well-off opportunities for learning they are, in an important sense, the only opportunity for learning something truly new. When fear is being put into a student to never make a mistake, their education is stunted.They lose the ability to explore and take the c hance of being wrong because they are repeatedly punished for being incorrect. When a mistake is made, students will learn where they went wrong and will then grow from it. The key to progress is making mistakes. The reason we are in school is to learn, but with this opportunity taken away from students their ability to learn is ripped from their grasp. Daniel C. Dennett also states, You should seek out opportunities to make grand mistakes, just so you can then recover from them.Instead of using all of their energy to attempt to be perfect and run from being inaccurate, every student should look for every opportunity to be wrong. Without errors, the students can not accomplish much. If you look at Todays education system is in desperate need of change. No student is given the opportunity to show what they are fully capable of. Instead they are told what they can do. They are simply labeled and placed where they should be. But when students begin to pursue their mistakes and soak in the richness of slow knowledge, they will begin to truly learn.Maria Montessori once said, If education is always to be conceived along the same antiquated lines of a mere transmission of knowledge, there is little to be hoped from it in the bettering of mans future. For what is the use of transmitting knowledge if the individuals total development lags ass? . If many students are having difficulty learning in the method we have created ages ago, why not change it? The time is now and there is no time to waste. We must refocus this outdated system to insure that the students will have a secure future and keep the standard of living that we have today.

Confucianism In a Nut Shell

Confucianism does not have some(prenominal) particular belief(s) about after life. It only focuses on the earthly life, and specifically puts emphasis on cleaving Harmony. In fact, followers of Confucianism ultimate goal Is loving harmony meaning, they must know their place in the social order. In finding this (their place in the social order), they are guided by the 1) Five cardinal relations a.Ruler and subject b. Father and son c. Cubans and wife d. Elder and younger brother e. Friend to friend and their 2) Five virtues a. Rene or humaneness the quality of compassion for others, (may include both people and animals). Key concepts of Rene are love, mercy, and humanity. B. promise or honesty and righteousness. C. Lie or propriety and correct behavior. D. Chi or wisdom or knowledge. E. Sin or fidelity and sincerity. 2 & 3 Also, Confucianism greatly believes that the inwardness of everything is their family, and that it comes before the individual person.They do not necessarily i gnore the Seibel existence of gods it is Just that in their system, a divine being does not have any significant role in their lives. Its philosophy is man centered and relies in self- effort (In terms of Improving oneself or solving everyday problems. ) As Confucius stated, To institutionalise oneself earnestly to ones duty to humanity, and while respecting the splats, to keep aloof from them, may be called wisdom.

Discuss The Measures We Can Take to Prevent the Spread of the H1N1 Virus

As we all know, and are conscious(predicate) that, the H1N1 influenza, or the more commonly used name, Swine Flu, has been efforting various citizens throughout the world. This virus is spreading at a steady state and provide harm many others unless measures are make fulln immediately. The world has been under attack from such diseases for an unimaginably long time. There is a long-standing history of viruses, epidemics and plagues blackening our past. Cures have failed people have died, the major reason being that our ancestors did not take enough preventative measures to oppose the spread of such diseases.However, in todays world, where we have all the privileges a person can dream of, and all sorts of advancements in medical checkup technology, we have a responsibility to make the best use of this awareness and use it to our fullest advantage. In 2005, people were frightened to go to poultry markets for fears of catching avian Flu, or H1N3, and many precautionary measures w ere taken to eradicate that virus. With much struggle, we were finally successful. The same sort of preventative measures need to be taken with H1N1.This being a viral disease, in can be transmitted from one person to the next almost instantly. The consumption of pork should be minimized or whole stopped for the time being, in order to aid the prevention of the virus spreading. However, this is also an airborne, contagious virus, so the government should urge medical and pharmaceutical companies to bewilder a preventative vaccine. Everyone in the country must be inoculated no matter what the side effect are, as long as we eradicate the virus and stop it spreading.Schools should educate and allege children of the dangers of avoiding the use of preventative measures and should give special classes on cleanliness/hygiene and how to dispose correctly of used tissues, for example. These classes should be especially targeted towards children at a lower place the age of twelve, as they are more susceptible to the virus than adolescents. As individuals, we all have a duty to one another. We must be aware of the symptoms of this virus, which are a high temperature, a mucus-filled cough, drooping eyelids, weakness up to the point of fatigue, and sometimes diarrhea and/or vomiting.If we spot a fellow schoolmate or anyone in a public area such as a mall or shopping market demonstrating any of these symptoms, we must inform the school nurse or ask for assistance in the public area immediately and without the slightest delay. This should not be neglected at all. These people deserve the opportunity for treatment as soon as possible. In school, we should ask our senior staff members to make sure there are hand sanitizers forthcoming in every corridor and soap in all the bathrooms, so that we may have clean hands at all times.Extra care should be taken to maintain the sanitation and hygiene of the school bathrooms. Also, everyone must keep a bag of antiseptic wipes in their backpack for times when hand sanitizer is unavailable. This will dramatically reduce the risk on infection and will greatly enhance the safety of the pupils and staff alike. This may seem like a push-down stack of effort but to protect our health, and possibly our lives, these measures are extremely essential. Together, we will be able to prevent, or at least minimize, the spread of the H1N1 virus, so that we may live our lives healthily, and without fear.

English Language Teaching Essay

This paper flummoxs to highlight the importance of teaching sociolinguistic competence to ESL claimers in Malaysian schools. sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of socio ethnical rules of voice communication and of discourse. This type of competence requires an disposition of the socio context in which language is utilise. It is proposed that c atomic number 18fully designed language activities be carried out by instructors in order to impart sociolinguistic skills to learners. The importance of universal intelligibility should be stressed, as opposed to inseparable accent. Further more students should also be taught proper contextual occasion of side of meat, in accordance to cultural reference and cultural appropriacy should be part of the learners core sociolinguistic competence. Key address Socio-cultural rules, Sociolinguistic competence, Formal language, Colloquialism 1. IntroductionMalaysia is a multi-racial society which is firmly bounded by its system of mon archy. However, Malays multifariousness the largest portion of its demography, with Malay as its national language. Though Malay is still the most unremarkably used lingua franca among Malaysians, English is gaining more importance and relevance in the country. In fact, Malaysians crap come to realize that it is no longer necessary, nor desirable to aim at an English native speakers linguistic communication to achieve their communicative function. However, on that point has been a strong decline in the levels of English technique in the country .This is evident in Malaysians everyday patois, which argon often marred by grammatical and phonological errors or at times in like manner loaded with suffixes (e.g. lah, lor, meh) and loan words from new(prenominal) languages.English is the warrant most important language in Malaysia. It is used in distinguishable professions and is an important exigency in Malaysian academic settings. The academic setting is a microcosm of the Malaysian population, which is a mix of interlocutors of disaccordent racial and language backgrounds. They may also differ in their English language proficiency levels. Therefore, it could be assumed that in Malaysian schools unique language environment, sociolinguistic competence contri neverthelesses to Malaysian students English language proficiency.2. Malaysian School diction PolicyWhen Malaysia got its independence in 1957, the rulement of Malaysia set out on a program to establish Bahasa Melayu as the official language, to be used in all government functions and as the medium of instruction at all levels in the education system. The introduction of a upstart primary school curriculum which goes by the Malay acronym, KBSR (Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Rendah), and the new secondary school curriculum which goes by the acronym, KBSM (Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah), is an approach to provide holistic, balanced and integrated reading of an individuals potential intelle ctual, spiritual, emotional and physical aspect. However in 2002, the government announced a reversal of policy, calling for a switch to English as a medium of instruction for Mathematics and Science at all levels in the education system. Since 2003, Science and Mathematics have been taught in English. Therefore, teachers go forth be forced to code-switch to make pupils understand the subject matter.3. Sociolinguistic CompetenceSociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of the sociocultural rules of language and of discourse. This type of competence requires an understanding of the sociable context in which language is used the rules of the participants, the information they share, and the functions of the interaction. Only in a full context of this kind can judgement be made on the appropriateness of a token utterance, as menti angiotensin-converting enzymed by Br accept (2000). Lyie Bachmans (1990) sociolinguistic competence comprises aspects, which deal with factors much(pren ominal)(prenominal) as politeness, formality, metaphor, registers, and culturally related aspects of language. For students tuition English in Malaysia, sociolinguistic competence should take into account those aspects as proposed by Bachman.Broersma (2001) stated that the process of accomplishment sociolinguistic competence is challenging even in ones first language. He also proposed that evidence of this can be found in the popularity of spend Manners columns. He claims if we all had perfect sociolinguistic competence, we wouldnt need advice or so the proper way to send wedding invitations or give a dinner party. Having good sociolinguistic competence means knowing how to give every person his or her due. It means knowing when to be quiet, and when to talk, when to give congratulate to others, and when to apologize. It also means being able to read situations and know what is the right thing to say or do. There are an infinite number of combinations of employments, tasks, co ntexts, and feelings that govern what is appropriate in any given encounter.4. Sensitivity to Dialect or VarietyThe standard diverseness of English used in our country is the variety that is taught formally in schools and the measuring stick British English is the linguistic model in the education system of Malaysia. However in Malaysia, English, being the second language, is learnt for a functional aim. The most important measure of success when a language is learnt for a functional purpose is communicative effectiveness that is, whether the language enabled the learners to achieve the purpose of learning.A dialect is a language variation spoken by a particular ethnic, social or regional sort and is an element of the groups collective identity (Ogbu, 1999). Each dialect within a language is just as logical, complex andrule-governed as the standard form of the language (often called standard variety). Malaysian English (or Manglish) is a non-native variety of English and is one of the most prominent features of Malaysias linguistic corpus. Baskaran (1994) has categorized Manglish into three sociolects, which are Acrolect (high social dialect) used for official or educational purposes, considered to be the standard educated sub-variety that approximates native competence and is used in formal address as well as in written forms by speakers who have been educated in English Mesolect (middle social dialect) used in formal and casual situations, a sub-variety that is used in informal situations among fellow Malaysians. Basilect (low social dialect) used informally and colloquially as a patois sunglasses into a pidgin used mostly by village peddlers when talking to tourists and other potential customers.5. Different English Varieties.There are varied varieties of English used here in Malaysia. The important issue here is what would be considered as an acceptable variety of English for Malaysian students? In Malaysia, there is a strong tradition of teac hing English when learners are still very young. Also, due to home language interferences and strong media influence, which at times popularises Manglish as a more convenient spoken variety, Malaysian students might not have enough exposure to models of Standard English. Parents might communicate with their children instrong accented English which is unique to each cultural/racial group, or/and even in broken or grammatically incorrect English. This variety of English could be inexplicable at times. 5.1 Malaysian English (ME)Some words of ME reflect the multilingual traits of the country. The existence of loan words in the lexis of ME is very rampant and common, especially since Malaysia is a Malay dominated country both in language and ending. moreover there are no lexical equivalents of certain Malay words in English. Listed below is a list of commonly used borrowed words and phrases which have made their way into the repertory of speech among speakers of Manglish.At the lexica l level, some words of ME used by students reflect the multilingual traits of the country. There exist loan words from contact languages such as Chinese (ta-paw, pu-yao) and Bahasa Malayu (makan). Using substrate lexemes plural form in the usual English way is common, e.g. kopios coffees (kop-o, black coffee), Menteri Besar (head of state government) and pengarahs (directors). Other cultural draw outions adopted in ME, for instance Kadhi (religious judge) impose a fine for khalwat (illicit law of proximity to the opposite sex) Dont act so ulufied (backward, not hip) Wear something more stylo (stylish) Lets go ngerdate (dating), an Indonesian slang very common among the Malays. Hello thamby, (boy) one cup of coffee please.An example of a short conversation in colloquial Malaysian English (non-standard English) may sound like this homemaker Your seek so flabby, no good one.Fishmonger Like that already hard what. How hard one you want? Youwant stone, want wood. I cant find.Hous ewife You half-past six lawyer one. Give little bit cheap la, this fish.Fishmonger Oh, thats why you said that kind, said my thing flabby, you wantCheap-cheap.Housewife You dont want give, I look other places.Fishmonger Look, look la, wait you come back look for me also.(Adibah Aroin, New Straits whiles, 3V declination 1992)6. Awareness of language differences in the classroomThough the use of Standard English is very much desired, one must not dismiss the deduction of other varieties of the language, particularly Manglish. Students must be made to realise the importance of Standard English in academic and formal settings but at the corresponding time be conscious of the communicative function of Manglish. Manglish helps learners to bridge the gap between the use of acrolect among proponents in an academic setting and the basilect used among their peers to facilitate understanding. More importantly, Manglish has a social function of fostering ties. It motivates students to move from one speech to another(prenominal) level through the opening up of communication channels across the sociolects.Students must realise that the main objective of learning English is not to acquire native speakers competency but rather to be intelligible among world(prenominal) English speakers and those within their community. Studentsmust be conscious that dialects are not inferior languages and that they should be respected, and that Standard English is necessary only in a formal context.6.1 Intercultural Media LanguageThe English language and its varieties would make excellent vehicles to create cross-cultural aware(predicate)ness. Students are able to use print and non-print resources of language such to compare the language used in British newspapers and the local dailies. Students bequeath find differences in the use of lexical items and would be able to familiarize themselves with the constructs of Manglish. They will then proceed to examine larger texts such as novel s and plays. This will encourage students to accept their own variety and overcome reluctance to approach another variety one time they found that the texts in these other varieties were accessible to them (Kachru and Nelson 1996)6.2 New English LiteraturesAn excellent method to introduce other varieties of English is through literature. The airfield of literature opens up multi-traditional aspects of human life, which encourages students to broaden their horizons. By introducing literatures that is very much Malaysian, students will be exposed to new uses and forms of their own language. 6.3 Manglish DiscourseMaterials, which have features of Manglish such as advertisement, obituaries and excerpts from TV and conversations, provide excellentresources in discussing discourse markers. In this way, students are able to study speech acts such as negotiating, persuading, and apologizing within the structures and cultural context which is most familiar to them. Rather than perceiving i t as an obstacle to learning the English language, the recognition of Manglish by educational bodies may perhaps be of a great value. 6.4 Importance of Standard VarietyI would suggest that students learn to handle formal language in schools. This is because they can easily revert to colloquial and colloquial language as and when the context arises. However if one only learns to speak at the colloquial level, one can never rise up to the occasion to speak formal English when the need arises. Formal English requires usage of proper grammar and syntax with appropriate vocabulary. It takes a lot of practice beforehand one can master English at this level. So why short change our students by accepting communication that is only up to the non- native variety level? In fact there is worry in many English speaking countries that teenagers are so used to using colloquial English in their SMS, that they cannot manage formal English, especially at the written level7. Sensitivity to Registers The notion of developing a language means, adding to its range of social functions. This is achieved by developing new registers. According to Halliday (1978195), a register is a set of meanings that is appropriate to a particular function of language, together with the words and structures which express these meanings. Registers are commonly identified by certain phonological variants, vocabulary, idioms and other expressions that are associated with several(predicate) occupational or socio-economic groups. 7.1 Importance of Registers to LearnersThe term register includes different aspects of language in miscellaneous contexts such as field of discourse, modes of discourse, style of discourse and discourse domain. It is important for students to develop styles and registers and recognize how to use them appropriately and be conscious of the need to do so. 7.1.1 Field of DiscourseThe knowledge of discourse enables students to have the ability to communicate with specialists in a p articular field once theyve undersas welld the use of terminologies used in that field. In The STAR online, 24h March, there was a write up from a concerned parent who felt that teachers mandatory help in the field of Maths and Science and how crude errors are made such as 8 push 4 is 4 a literal translation from BM (8 tolak 4 ialah 4). Therefore it is important for students to be exposed to mathematical and scientific terminologies because knowledge is power Having knowledge in dissimilar fields will help students in their future studies or career such as being proficient in delivering speeches, conducting negotiations, preparing drafts of agreements and in routine traffic communication.7.1.2 Modes of DiscourseModes of discourse can be either written or verbal. Students who are not very well versed in their speech may produce ungrammatical, short, incomplete sentences, filled with false starts, fillers and pauses. Tongue (196883) has defined fillers as a term used to indicate tho se items of language which communicate no particular denotative meaning but which are used to indicate the emotive, affective attitudes of the speaker, or sometimes simply to fill a pause or a second base of hesitation or reflection in the stream of speech. The most well known is the suffix lah or sometimes pronounced la, which realises different pragmatic functions as illustrated below Emphasizing support e.g. I agree lah Persuading e.g. .you must do it in a proper way lah Complementing e.g. thats a good idea, good lahOther common fillers used are bah (by the Sabahans), mah (by the Chinese) and a? or ah. Ah serves to function as fillers or faulting points as well as bringing out a question force as shown below. No point helping friends who are not interested, do you agree with that, ah?Other features of Malaysianess include the use of tag questions in particular the use of isnt it? and adding the phrase or not to the preceding instead of presenting devil alternatives. Weve d one it, isnt it? You want to follow or not?Students must be mindful that usage of such a variety of English is accepted in informal settings. However in a formal setting, the standard variety of English is necessary and is the acceptable norm. With the changing role and the decline in the standard of English in Malaysia, it is found that instances of deviation from Standard English have increased in frequency. Though there is an attempt to use the Standard English, inadequate exposure and lack of knowledge result in the many basic Standard English deviations, which are found even in the speech of educated users of the language. As far as Malaysian students are concerned, these irregularities are usually tolerated and overlooked, as long as they do not interfere too greatly with communicative purposes. At present, indication of these irregularities may be observed in the spoken mode, as many students seem to feel quite bountiful to incorporate features of the local dialect, into th eir speech, be it in a formal or informal situation. 7.1.3 Style of DiscourseAn important issue is how students use their verbal repertoire and what are the uses they will put them to. According to Halliday (1978), there are factors, which affect the way plenty use language. Halliday classifies this as field, mode and tenor. Field refers to why and about what a communication takes place, mode is about how, and tenor is about to whom. For example, in report a letter, one might start l am writing to inform you that. but in another letter, the same person might write I justwant to let you know thatAccording to Joos (1967), there are five types of formalities 1) Frozen style is more characteristic of writing than speech e.g. Students should make their way at once to the upper substructure by way of the staircase. 2) Formal style uses sentences that show careful planning and logical development of ideas e.g. Students should go up the stairs at once.People who have limited shared backg round use consultative style sentences are complete and some background information is given e.g.Would you mind going upstairs right away, please?People who have a shared background use casual style it is marked by slang, profanity and incomplete sentences e.g.Time you all went upstairs now.Intimate style is the style, which is highly economical and is accompanied by a lot of non-verbal communication people who know each other very well use it e.g.Up you go, fellowsIt seems to me that it is in the area covered by consultative, formal and frozen, that our students need to be competent in. They ought to know which style to use when an occasion arises. Once a student said to his teacher in class Would you be so kind to explain again? and a moment later, he said, I want you to explain this question again. This shows that the student is not consistent in the level of formality. In a classroom situation, the second one is acceptable but the first one is too formal. Our students fail to t ake into account the relationship between participants and situations or settings. Students need to be aware that a formal setting requires formal speech and that they may use colloquial words or phrases in an informal setting. They need to be aware that using language often involves how formal one needs to be in a situation. 8. Cultural References and Figures of SpeechAn overall understanding of the significant role of cultural variables in cross-cultural interactions will act as a bridge to mutual understanding and acceptance in situations of cultural conflict. Students must be aware that in certain cultures, the people are expected to respond to certainutterances in an appropriate way, which is of the linguistic norm.8.1 Importance of Cultural AppropriacyA contingent way of dealing with varied cultural behaviour is to sensitise students to the unique characteristics of other cultures. Students should develop cultural tolerance and show understanding for other peoples differences .The ability to be tolerant is necessary for anyone hoping to avoid miscommunication. It involves the learner recognizing that every culture has its own logic, its own integrity and that no one culture is any better (or, for that matter, any worse) than any other. Malaysian idiomatic expressions used by learners could only be understood at the local context. Some are even fond of the idea of contextualization these days. It truly gives a Malaysian flavour to our speech. Localised expression appeals to the average man in the street. Having a common speech pattern somehow helps some students to bond quickly and so it helps to establish friendship between like-minded people.9. Ways of Improving Students Sociolinguistics CompetenceThe lack in cross-cultural understanding or sensitivity on the part of the teacher has serious implications because it affects classroom management and consequently, students learning. There are various activities that can be carried out in classrooms to insti l cultural understanding. Learning how to perform particular speech acts in both formal and informal settings,learning particular ways of speaking, like story telling, narratives, joke-telling, simply learning to chitchat, are all important in learning how to speak proficiently.Syaharom Abdullah (1995) believes that students will run short conscious of the values and expectations, which are basic in a culture through dialogue practice or role-play. In learning English, the student has to learn how to use and interpret the sociolinguistic rules of English in various contexts. To achieve this, the learner must develop an awareness of areas in which the sociolinguistic system of his own culture differs from those of other cultures. Teachers can design some problem-solving exercises in order to do so.10. ConclusionIt is obvious that sociolinguistic competence offers more insights in learning a language. Problems may arise for students who may not be familiar with the various context of language use. By means of getting acquainted with the various cultures of Englishes and updating their knowledge about language learning, students may be better able to accomplish the goals of engaging themselves in the pragmatic, authentic, functional use of language for meaningful purpose. It is important that the second language instructors in Malaysia be familiar with sociolinguistics. Teaching language is not just about learning the rudiments of the language but also various cultural refinements. Students must be made aware of formal and informal language use. They should be knowledgeable as to appropriate expressions for different context. Students must be mindful as to when they can resort to colloquial language and when formality is necessary. Lastly students need to be made aware that master English does not mean acquiring native proficiency, but rather having universal intelligibility.ReferencesAdibah A. (1992). The New Straits Times, SO1 December.Bachman, L. (1990). Fund amental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford University Press. Baskaran,L. (1994). The Malaysia English Mosaic. English Today 37 Vol. 10. Brown H. Douglas, (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Fourth Edition, Longman. Broersma, D. (2001). Youre So White, So Fat, and So Hairy Developing Sociolinguistic Competence in a Second Language. In Helping Learners Develop Second Language Proficiency,L. J. Dickerson (Ed.), pp. 200-205. Colorado Springs Mission Training International.M.A.K. Halliday. (1978). Language as neighborly Semiotic The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning, Baltimore University Park Press, 1978 London Edward Arnold, 1978. Joos, Martin. (1967). The Five Clocks, New York Harcourt, Brace & World. Kachru. B.B. and Nelson, C.L. (1996). World Englishes. In Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. USA Cambridge University Press.Morias, Elaine. (1994). Malaysian crease Talk A Study of Conflict and Non-Conflict in Verbal Interactions. PHD Thesis, U niversity of Malaya.Syaharom Abdullah. (1995). Thai Tesol Annual Conference, January 1995, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Test/cultural kind-html.The Star On Line, 24th March, 2003.Tongue, R.K. (1979). The English of capital of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore, Eastern University Press. Ogbu, J.U. (1999). Beyond Languages Ebonies, Proper English and Identity in a Black- American Speech Community. American Educational Research Journal, 36 147-184.

How Energy Division Lead to Major Losses for Sime Darby

There are 4 multimillion Ringgit projects entered by Energy and Utilities division of Sime Darby, provided turned out bad. One of the projects is collaboration with Qatar Petroleum (QP), the Bulhanine and Maydan Mahzam project. Sime Darby has been awarded a RM265 million contract to build well platforms where the scope of works in the contract c everyplaces terce wellhead platforms, installation of about 40 kilometres of pipeline, 23 kilometres of umbilical and alteration to existing platforms.It started in April 2006 and supposedly terminate in August 2008. However, the division has encountered delays and terms overruns which resulted in losses on the project exceeding RM500 million, which support already been accounted for. At that time, they still try to negotiate with the QP projects client on claims for the over budget cost, but the Board has already decided to reverse the revenue of RM200 million previously recognise in the assort accounts for Financial Year 2009. The s econd project is the Maersk Oil Qatar project (MOQ).Maersk Oil awarded Sime Darby engine room the EPCIC contract to build and install a process platform, a utility platform and three bridge over off the coast of Qatar in February 2007. It was scheduled for completion in October 2009 but there have been delays and cost overruns in this project which caused losses of RM159 million for Financial Year 2010. According to Sime Darby, the cost overruns were incurred on conduct and installation, and hookup and commissioning works. It is not clear if the overruns were the result of under-budgeting, and unexpected increase in raw veridical costs, or both, or slightly other reason.Even though negotiations were made with the client, they still could not look into the losses. The third project related with the MOQ project, which is the construction of vessels for the MOQ projects usage called the Marine purpose. MARINE Project was meant to turn Sime Darby Bhd into a major marine vessel pl ayer in the oil and gas industry, but it didnt turn out as planned when they picked the wrong shipbuilder. The project including building a derrick-lay flatboat, a pipe-laying ship, an anchor handling towing supply, and a tug boat that could send supplies to offshore oil rigs.Sime Darby had suffered cost overruns of some RM1. 3 billion for all three projects. And the last project is the Bakun hydroelectric dam project. The project was tendered to Sime Darby Group along with seven-member consortium by the government at a total of RM 1. 788 billion. The Bakun hydroelectric dam project, in which Sime Engineering Sdn Bhd holds a 35. 7% effective interest, was awarded in September 2002 and was initially scheduled for completion in September 2007. However, due to various factors, completion has been delayed and costs have escalated.There are three developments affecting the Bakun project. The first is the merger of the Sime Darby, Guthrie and Golden Hope into a new entity named Synergy D rive. The second is the proposed coup of the Bakun project by the contractor, Sime Engineering. The third is the revival of the submarine HVDC cable under the South China sea to transport electricity from Borneo to Peninsular Malaysia. These four projects were under the former president and four other senior executives control.They are Datuk Seri Ahmad Zubir Murshid (CEO), Vice-president Datuk Mohamad Shukri Baharom, chief financial officer Abdul Rahim Ismail, head of oil and gas Abdul Kadir Alias and senior superior general manager of Sime Darby Engineering Mohd Zaki Othman. These personnel were accused of failing to carry out a due persistence on all projects. It also has been reported that they had neglected findings from KPMG, specifically on the deals with MLC shipping Group (construction and exchange of four units of anchor handling towing supply at RM285 million and construction of a derrick lay barge for a sum of RM 295 million) and Puteri Offshore Pte Ltd.The VP was b lamed for disregarding the due diligence process when he did not disclose or sufficiently highlighted the fact that he had already signed deals with MLC and Puteri Offshore. Sime Darby also has done probe conduct by the legal and forensic consultants which has validated the finding where they may have been breaches of duties and obligations and inappropriate conduct.

Qualitative Data Methods in Researching Organizational Commitment Essay

This piece of music discusses orders that generate soft information which entails a place in querying organizational commitment. A thorough retrospect of the soft information methods rooted in certain research philosophies atomic number 18 presented with an ex proposeation of why these be so important in the research of organizational commitment. A research is defined as a humanity activity based on intellectual investigation and its clinical has the aim to discover, interpret, and revise human cognition on the different aspects of the world (Fox, 2000, p. 237).A research philosophy is as an motif nigh the way data close an event should be satisfactory to be collected, evaluated and employd. In the Western customs of perception, there be two major research philosophies that be knget. The major research philosophies be the prescribed or the scientific under buck and the interpretivist which is excessively whopn as the non-scientific approch (Straub, Gefen, & Boudreau, 2004). Positivism Positivism is defined as a philosophy that is open to state that the only authentic knowledge is the scientific knowledge.Positivism is a research philosophy wherein its objectives which are based on a qualitative go up are aimed to evidence and investigate an in depth phenomena as further discussed by Straub, Gefen, and Boudreau (2004). The positivist view is shared by ingrainedists who are skilled pot believing in scientific progress. Thus, gaining knowledge can be acquired finished honoring and experimentation. Positivists are those who believed that existence is constant and established. Reality is also observed and can be explained from an objective crest of view.Positivists often argue that the phenomena being studied should be an isolated. Indeed, observations in the postulate of the phenomena should be repeatable. The repeating of the observations in the train of a phenomenon is often associated with the manipulation of reality. Ther e are variations in the manipulation of reality and the variations only come from a single variable. According to Hirschheim (1985), the single variable is able to form relationships and this is also a way to recognize the regularities of the social world.Predictions are derived basing from the realities that were already observed and clarified. Collingwood (1994) specified that historians of the positivism approach had been following and adopting the methods of science which is re completelyy a characteristic of the positivist approach. The positivist historians and philosophers are being able to observe things and simplify the laws by using the induction method. The inductive reasoning is personad in science and scientific method. The historical positivists are upholding the thought that the mind is non necessarily different from nature.Moreover, they take hold well-kept that natural processes are just as the same with the processes of history. Like the idea of Hirschheim (1985 ), the positivist historians also believed that empathy and sheer instinct were regarded as unscientific and were dismissed. Collingwood further explained that empirical ideas are those ideas which can easily generate with his own eyes, therefore, are regarded as facts that are right extraneous given in just pure observation with no experimental basis (Collingwood, 1994).Hence, qualitative data is basically of the positivist nature which is the kind of approach that is dominant in research on the report. Interpretivism In epistemology, interpretivism is defined as the view that all knowledge is a calculate of interpretation (Hirschheim, 1985). Reality is only understood in the scope of interpretivism if it is based on a subjective interpretation and intervention. Natural environment is involved and is a major part of their study of a phenomenon. The interpretivists believe that there are numerous interpretations that exist in their studies of the phenomena.Despite of the prese nce of the many interpretations, interpretivists are being able to maintain that many interpretations are part of their scientific knowledge which they continually pursue. However, interpretivism is generally regarded as linked with non-scientific approach. Therefore, the methods that generate qualitative data are not of the interpretivist nature. Research schema A research strategy is characterized as a plan of action that normally gives channelion to the efforts make by a police detective (Trauth, 2001).Research strategy is that which allow or facilitate the conduction of a research which will be systematically make and not haphazardly done. qualitative research methods are obtaining recognition beyond the conventional social sciences and these have turned out to be essential message in a broader methodology to applied research since they present useful insights into the points of view of study world (Myers, 1997, p. 241). The eminent input of qualitative study is the ethn ically precise and contextually rich information it generates. Examples of qualitative researches will be further discussed in the subsequent statements.As stated by Gummesson (2000), accomplishment considered on this basis has an influence, in line, on the cost-effectiveness, usefulness of involvements, major interests of project administrators and financial back groups. soft research is a kind of systematic study. In most cases, scientific study is made up of an geographic expedition that searches for answers to an inquiry, analytically makes use of a predefined series of processes in gathering facts, and constructs results that are appropriate beyond the direct limitations of the research.Qualitative study shares these attributes. Moreover, it seeks to recognize a specified study predicament or subject matter from the outlook of the laypeople it comprises. Qualitative research is principally valuable in getting hold of certain data concerning the ethics, views, and activities of specific populace. The strong point of qualitative study is its capability to supply intricate textual imaging of how populations come across a particular research concern. The research strategies which are dominant in the study are the use of surveys and descriptive anthropology.A researcher is being able to gather data about the practices, situations, and point of views of different people through these strategies. The researcher can use the questionnaires for gathering data. Interviews can also be used. Existing relationships present in the surveys done were generated with the use of three-figure and analytical techniques. Through these techniques, several inferences about the practices, situations or point of views of different people will be obtained.The use of surveys by a researcher is typically related to the field and laboratory experiments but the data needed are gathered exterior the laboratory or near the real life situation of the world (Krueger & Casey, 1994). On e of the weaknesses of the use of surveys as a qualitative data method is that the researcher always find a difficult condemnation in analyzing the results of the survey done. The reason why is that insights and ideas of people are difficult to measure. In this scenario, several separatrixes are being committed by the researcher.One of the biases is the self-selecting nature of the people being interviewed. An otherwise(a) source of bias is the time during when the survey is done. The researcher is also a source of bias since he will be the one to choose which survey design he is going to use. Another research strategy is the use of ethnography. Ethnography is classified as a type of research wherein the focus is on the context of sociology. This is done through a closer observation of the phenomenon of involved in sociology and culture. A researcher of ethnography or ethnographer is paying attention on the friendship.The community is the place for him to focus and select inform ants. The informants should be able to know the different ideas regarding the activities done in the particular community. A chain sampling is used by the ethnographer to track the issues concerning the answers of the informants (Flyvbjerg, 2006). The use of the chain sampling is to saturate the informants in the observed areas of investigation. Clarifications of the issues given by previous informants are obtained by using the multiple interviews done by some informants.The purpose of the multiple interviews is to obtain a deeper response from the informants regarding the investigation of issues done in the community. The process of multiple interviews also is able to give the ethnographer a revealed cultural understanding of the subject being investigated in the community. Thus, the collective data gathered in the community by the responses of the community is more important than the subjective data (Fetterman, 1998). The method involve in ethnography is initiated with the select ion of a culture to be studied. Literature review of the selected culture is done.Variables of interest which are perceive to be significant and important by the members of the community are being identified by the ethnographer. later on the first step, the ethnographer is then ready to absorb the cultural activities of the community as well as the idea present in the culture. This is termed as the cultural immersion (Yin, 2003). The ethnographer is now being able to process the data for analysis and for the development of theory to happen.Several theories whitethorn be gathered from observation in the cultural Researches regarding ethnography can last for months or for years. s stated earlier, the ethnographer is being able to use of the informants and as he progress on the cultural immersion, he had already chosen the informants which will he use to facilitate his data gathering. After data gathering, immersion of the ethnographer, however, he must be careful not to do theoretic al prejudice. Instead, theory must be based on the gathered perspective that was generated from the answers of the informants (Gold, 1997). For confirmation purposes, the ethnographer could go back to the community and ask questions to his informants for other reactions of issues related to the subject of investigation and study.To further realise the research techniques, it is important for the researcher to take into account the facts regarding qualitative and valued study approaches. Research techniques comprising quantitative information were founded and developed in the natural sciences. Techniques established in the quantitative study systems currently take in the utilization of experiments, both in laboratory and field work, and formal and numerical schemes. On the other hand, research processes relating to qualitative information were being instituted by the social sciences.Examples from research that has been done are the following. Qualitative research methods are obtai ning recognition beyond the conventional social sciences, predominantly in public wellness and worldwide advancement study. As discussed by Gersten (2001), such methods of obtaining information are vital in the plan of thorough solutions to communal health dilemma in emergent nations, as scientists, doctors, pharmaceutical businesses, and humanitarian organizations have arrived to identify that biomedical solutions are just limited treatments.Additionally, a qualitative research on whether and how populations pay off out of deprivation may, for instance, integrate comprehensive accounts of the policies employed and problems stumbled upon by the underprivileged in their efforts to move up the economic hierarchy, conceivably by evaluating citizens who are deprived to distinctive levels or in various meaning in different locations. This investigation would therefore extend an integrated structure or outline to expand how the most relevant variables were correlated to one another (Ma ck et al. , 2005).The purpose the whole time would be to clench a record of how past and framework-specific procedures affect both the societal configurations and personal or group surgical operation in and through which poverty is came upon, repeated, opposed, and prevailed over. Examining poverty and other concerns are inclined to be in support of technical skill, which may or may not incorporate a positive reception of the context of a range of circumstances, as qualitative methods and open-ended answers incline the balance of control and proficiency away from the researcher toward respondents and the public (Dudwick et al. 2006).The link between qualitative research methods and commitment is that organizations basically involve themselves in research in connection with their prospect goal which is development or to develop. The researchers grow and inspiration to conduct a qualitative research is generated from the fact that the only distinction of humans from the natural wor ld is that humans are able to use the language to say and express what they wanted to tell. Qualitative researches are always being the researches opposed by the quantitative research.Some scientists who opposed the use of qualitative research are those who do not understand that qualitative research is a way for other researchers to examine what people think and believe about the issues that concerns the community and the culture which is present in all(prenominal) of the communities. It was argued and debated by Kaplan and Maxwell (1994, p. 45) that study being done in the phenomenon of the social and cultural context of the people in the community where they live is being lost when textual data from researches are being able to be quantified for further analysis.Conclusion In the above discussion on the different research philosophies, methods, approaches and strategies, a qualitative research is able to be done in a more systematic way. Choosing what method or strategy to be us ed in a research will solely regard on the perspective of the researcher. The researcher must be able to realize the subject of study before choosing which of the methods, philosophies and strategies of research to be used.The methods that are now acceptable include ethnography, case studies and action researches. Data are considered qualitative when it was generated from observations from fieldwork as well as interviews and questionnaires. Data that were derived from texts and documents and from the researcher-observer reactions, feelings and ideas are also valid data to be used as qualitative data. Each of the research philosophies, strategies, methods and approaches has their limitations for use.They are being able to use by a researcher because the researcher have understood all the advantages and limitations of that the research philosophy, strategy, approach and method that may bring succeeder or failure to the research being done. There are qualities and characteristics th at the researcher should be able to consider in order for him to choose the appropriate methods of research he is going to use. Moreover, the success of the research also depends in how the researcher is being able to weigh the appropriateness of a topic or the subject to be studied in relation to the methods that will be used.The methods that generate qualitative data have indeed a place in researching organizational commitment since qualitative data methods are important in characterizing issues which are not taken into account by quantitative data methods. Organizational commitment involves the objectivity of studies being done which are needed to attain the organizations goals. In particular cases, qualitative methods have certainly comparative advantage over quantitative methods, since descriptive analysis may be omitted in the quantitative approaches.These qualitative methods are highly applicable in conducting studies pertaining to the aforementioned examples. Qualitative tec hniques both regard and integrate practical expertise into the study of progress achievements and failures. much(prenominal) techniques are necessary for analyzing complicated matters of causality, course of action, and context. Open-ended inquiring and focus group deliberations are really intended to give permission to respondents to recognize and communicate their main interests and concerns which are emancipated from researchers limitations and hypotheses.In contrast, quantitative methods are, in the usual course of events, less useful in comprehending context and process. As has been perceived all through this paper, qualitative research enhances the consistency and authenticity of presented quantitative tools, while creating its own distinguishing empirical contributions to strategy and venture plan. Generally, the link between qualitative research methods and commitment is that organizations involve themselves in research in connection with their prospect goal which is devel opment or to develop.

Advantages Of Unit Banking Essay

1.Local DevelopmentUnit banking is localized banking. The building block bank has the specialised intimacy of the local problems and serves the requirements of the local people in a better manner than branch banking. The funds of the neck of the woods be utilised for the local development and are non transferred to different areas 2.Promotes Regional Balance infra unit banking system, there is no transfer of resources from rural and backward areas to the big industrial commercial centres. This tends to scale down regional in balance. 3.Easy ManagementThe management and supervision of a unit bank is much easier and more effective than that to a lower place branch banking system. There are less chances of fraud and irregularities in the pecuniary management of the unit banks. 4.Initiative in Banking BusinessUnit banks have full knowledge of and greater involvement in the local problems. They are in a coiffure to maintain initiative to tackle these problems through financia l help.5.No Monopolistic TendenciesUnit banks are more often than not of scurvy size. Thus, there is no possibility of generating monopolistic tendencies under unit banking system. 6.No Inefficient BranchesUnder unit banking system, weak and inefficient branches are automatically eliminated. No security department is provided to such banks. 7.No diseconomies of Large Scale OperationsUnit banking is free from the diseconomies and problems of large-scale operations which are generally experienced by the branch banks. 8.Easy Management and ControlUnder unit banking system, it becomes genuinely easy for a single office to manage and control efficiently.9.Close Management and Workers RelationshipUnder unit banking system, there prevails a close and cordial relationship between employer and employees. 10.Quick DecisionThe owners or the management of unit banks usher out take quick decision and prompt action in times of emergencies. 11.Use of Local ResourcesLocal financial resources are used for local development. 12.Lesser Fraud and IrregularitiesDue to the less scattered affairs of the bank, there are very little possibilities of fraud and irregularities.Disadvantages Of Unit Banking1.No. Distribution of RisksUnder unit banking, the bank operations are super localised. Therefore, there is little possibility of distribution and diversification of risks in various areas and industries. 2.Inability to Face CrisisLimited resources of the unit banks also restrict their abilityto face financial crisis. These banks are not in a position to stand a sudden rush of withdrawals. 3.No Banking Development in Backward AreasUnit banks, because of their limits resources, heapnot afford to inconsiderate uneconomic banking business is smaller towns and rural area. As such, these area remain unbanked. 4.Lack of SpecializationUnit banks, because of their small size, are not able to introduce, and get advantages of, division of labor and specialization. Such banks cannot affor d to employ highly trained and specialized staff.5.Costly Remittance of FundsA unit bank has no branches at other place. As a result, it has to depend upon the correspondent banks for transfer of funds which is very expensive. 6.Disparity in Interest rateSince easy and cheap movement of does not exist under the unit banking system, interest rates neuter considerably at different places. 7.Local PressuresSince unit banks are highly localised in their business, local pressures and interferences generally disrupt their normal functioning. 8.Undesirable CompetitionUnit banks are independently run by different managements. This results in undesirable competition among different unit banks.9.Limited Size of OperationUnit bank business can not be operated on large scale because of its limited area. Being the small organisation, division of force back can not be applied. 10.No Economy of ReservesUnder unit banking, bank can not transfer its funds to any other branch. So economy in cash re serve can not be secured under this system. 11.Limited Financial ResourcesA unit bank has limited financial resources so it is not able to provide full and adequate banking facilities to the industry and trade of the area. 12.Investment of Idle FundsA unit bank having no other branches, can not utilize its idle funds in profitable ways.